| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as instruments that change sunlight into using PV cells. These are an eco-friendly and renewable energy source, decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, typically used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, notable attractions, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of gentle slopes, old castles, and bustling urban centers that blend history with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural light emitted by the star, crucial for life on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of energy generated by the movement of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers countless appliances and systems, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, usually produced by cell packs, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, rendering it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that stores chemical energy and converts it into electric power to operate various digital equipment. It includes several electrochemical units, each comprising electrode pairs interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an green power solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that changes DC generated by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and utility connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and ensuring secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction periodically, generally used in domestic and business power supplies. It enables optimal transmission of electricity over great lengths and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to determine the size, amount, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge installations that capture sunlight to create electricity using many solar panels. They provide a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power, cutting down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic cells on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This power is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the power grid for later use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These systems commonly employ batteries to provide backup energy, cut down energy costs, and support grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells tracks the development and innovations in solar energy technology from the early invention of the solar effect to current advanced photovoltaic modules. It showcases significant milestones, including the invention of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have significantly improved energy conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the basis for grasping how illumination interacts with particular media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US creator who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its essential role in the production of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, breakable crystalline substance with a steel-gray metallic luster, primarily used as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a compact component installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach enhances system efficiency, enables enhanced performance oversight, and increases energy production in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a device that turns sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is frequently used in solar panels to offer a green and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a fundamental particle which represents a unit of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It has a crucial role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds transform sunlight directly into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the basic principle behind solar cell technology, facilitating the capturing of solar sunlight for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furniture, and external influences. Both are important considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components end-to-end, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the velocity at which electric power is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through diverse origins such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and green energy, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the SI system, representing the rate of energy movement or conversion. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the work per individual charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electric potential, potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electricity through a conductor, typically measured in A. It is necessary for powering electronic gadgets and enabling the working of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the standard of electrical current in the SI units, symbolized as A. It quantifies the flow of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the level of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the layout and size of power systems to guarantee reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for recharging and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that changes DC from supplies like accumulators or solar arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It enables the application of common electrical appliances in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the position of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun movement throughout the day, optimizing energy absorption. This system increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by maintaining optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power output of photovoltaic systems by regularly modifying the performance point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This process provides the most efficient energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that monitors and analyzes the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on energy generation and system status. It assists enhance solar power output by spotting problems ahead of time and guaranteeing highest output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of many tiny silicon lattice structures, typically used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to generate a ultra-pure, polycrystalline form fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a single crystal structure, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its uniform formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a kind of thin film solar technology that offers a affordable and efficient alternative for massive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their excellent absorption capability and moderately reduced manufacturing costs versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are laminate photovoltaic cells that employ a multi-layered material of Cu, indium, Ga, and selenium to transform sunlight into power efficiently. They are noted for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and capability for portable, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and adaptable properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n connections layered together to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. These are primarily applied in space missions and advanced solar power installations due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electrical energy to operate onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ focusing elements or reflectors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy transformation efficiency. This technique is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, providing a affordable approach for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a very thin layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in various technological applications. These layers are important in electronic systems, light manipulation, and coatings for their distinctive physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of substance ranging from fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These films are used in various industries, including electronics, optical technologies, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are accurate measuring instruments used to precisely measure small distances or thicknesses, typically in machining and production. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a fine, circular piece of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the fabrication of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are thin-film photovoltaic devices recognized for their superior output and adaptability, making them suitable for diverse applications. They use a layered semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight straight into electrical energy with remarkable efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is recognized for being cost-effective and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels, offering a sustainable energy source for residential, business, and large-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, renewable, and economical way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that turns sunlight into electricity using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that use organic materials, to transform sunlight into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and enable more affordable, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous electronic compound used in thin-film solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an attractive substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roofing, building exteriors, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves the process of applying a light film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and adds a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations details various massive solar energy plants around the planet, demonstrating their power and positions. These plants function a vital role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive systems that convert sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They play a vital role in clean energy production, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, global warming, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and water. It offers a eco-friendly solution to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental impact and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the primary fuels for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and green energy into electrical power. This process generally happens in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as plumbum, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how efficiently a solar cell generates sunlight into convertible power. Improving this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This expansion is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the percentage of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a clear device that bends light to bring together or spread out rays, producing images. It is commonly used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to optical surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It enhances the sharpness and brightness of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitude levels negate each other, resulting in a reduction or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This event typically happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that periodically reverses, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies following a sine wave as time progresses, permitting cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a miniature entity used to convert DC from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing energy production at the module level and eases installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or alternating current power, is electrical energy delivered through a system where the voltage level and current cyclically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over extended ranges. It is commonly used in residences and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical plug used to deliver DC energy from a power source to an device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that ensure a firm and dependable attachment for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international protection approval agency that assesses and approves products to guarantee they adhere to certain security requirements. It supports consumers and firms identify dependable and secure products through rigorous assessment and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple routes for current flow. This setup allows components to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to move in one sense only, acting as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, intended to deliver electrical energy for various devices and attachments inside of a automobile. It allows users to power electronic devices or operate small appliances during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripheral peripherals to computing systems, allowing information exchange and electric power. It accommodates a variety of peripherals such as keyboards, pointer devices, external drives, and cell phones, with multiple revisions delivering higher speeds and improved functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into generated energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy production and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, ranging from radio signals to gamma rays, featuring diverse wavelengths and power. This band is essential for a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, allowing communication, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color palette based on shades of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and connexion. This composition approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to calculate the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, frequently in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the dispersion and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of different colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is commonly used to illustrate the spread of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of air's with relatively consistent temperature and humidity features, deriving from from certain source areas. These air masses impact weather systems and atmospheric situations as they travel over diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the measure of the power per square kilometer received from the Sun in the form of light. It fluctuates with solar phenomena and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and other particles on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and care are essential to limit energy loss and ensure maximum operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power capacity of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the module's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the potential difference between two locations in a circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in solar modules where elevated voltage stress causes a notable reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element essential for plant growth and employed in multiple industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses distinctive chemical traits that cause it beneficial in manufacturing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using extensive groups of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an environmentally friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined method of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and farming, maximizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while simultaneously producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight using both surfaces, improving overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a group of several photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to produce renewable, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It improves the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a pleasant area for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a target object. It is often used in routing, mapping, and astrophysics to define the orientation of an celestial body with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates excellent optical features, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies highlights the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy implementation and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to a billion watt, used to measure massive energy output and utilization. It is generally associated with generating stations, national grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, expert in producing thin-film solar modules that provide high-performance and affordable energy production. The firm is committed to eco-friendly renewable energy advancement and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various elements of industrial and automated systems to improve productivity and dependability. It focuses on building advanced solutions that enable smooth communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top Chinese-based firm specializing in manufacturing and innovating photovoltaic photovoltaic goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to one billion W, often employed to indicate the capacity of massively scaled electricity production or usage. It underscores the huge power magnitude involved in current power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production decreases as total output rises, due to learning and optimization obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of learned skills in reducing costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, sustainable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of generating solar or wind energy is equal to or less than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity means that renewable energy sources are financially viable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, offering a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the region, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to convert electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It is a green, sustainable, and eco-conscious power supply that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in domestic, business, and manufacturing environments to create clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered items features a range of tools that capture sunlight to convert energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include ranging from solar power banks and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, delivering versatile alternatives for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses or mirrors to focus solar radiation onto high-performance solar cells, greatly increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This approach works well in areas with intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
